Utility of the 3‐Vessel and 3‐Vessel and Trachea Views in Prenatal Diagnosis of a Pulmonary Artery Sling

A pulmonary artery (PA) sling is a very rare congenital cardiovascular anomaly, and only a few studies have reported PA slings in fetuses. The relationship of the PA, aorta, ductus arteriosus, and trachea can be evaluated in the 3‐vessel and 3‐vessel and trachea views during fetal echocardiography. A PA sling can be detected by abnormal positioning of the left PA in relation to the trachea when sweeping from the 3‐vessel view cranially to the 3‐vessel and trachea view. Here we report 3 cases of fetal PA slings and their follow‐ups. Two cases were confirmed by postnatal echocardiography, and the other case was confirmed by a cardiovascular cast after pregnancy termination. We emphasize that the 3‐vessel and 3‐vessel and trachea views are of crucial importance in the prenatal diagnosis of a PA sling.     

重庆地区3～12岁儿童肺通气功能预计方程式的初步建立

目的　建立学龄前期及小学阶段学龄期儿童的肺通气功能参数预计方程式。方法　采用德国JAEGER公司MasterScreen Pead肺功能仪，于2017年4月至2018年9月对重庆地区主城两所幼儿园及小学的458名3～12岁儿童进行肺通气功能测定。采用SAS9.4统计软件包，通过单因素线性回归模型分析各已知及潜在的影响因素与各肺功能参数的相关性，以各肺功能指标实测值为因变量，以性别、年龄、身高、体重为自变量，通过多元逐步回归建立线性回归方程。将构建的方程式与文献中相应年龄段的肺功能预计方程式进行比较，采用相对预测误差平均值评价各公式的适用性。结果　对于学龄前期儿童，肺功能各指标［剩余25%肺活量时的用力呼气流量（MEF25）除外］均与月龄、身高、体重相关，性别与用力肺活量（FVC）、第0.5秒用力呼气容积（FEV0.5）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、呼气峰流速（PEF）、MEF75、MEF50和最大通气量（MVV）相关。对于学龄期儿童，年龄、身高、体重与除呼气中段流速（MMEF）外的各肺功能指标均有显著相关性，性别与FVC、FEV1、FEV0.5/FVC、MEF50、MVV显著相关。预计公式模型比较后显示，该次构建的模型对该研究群体有较好的适用性。结论　年龄、身高和体重为影响学龄前期和学龄期儿童肺通气功能参数的主要变量，性别对学龄前期儿童肺功能参数的影响多于学龄期儿童，应根据不同年龄段建立各项肺通气功能指标的预计公式。该模型的构建可为3～12岁儿童肺通气功能相关参数的预测提供帮助。     

Oral-lung microbiome interactions in lung diseases

The proximity and continuity of the oral cavity and the lower respiratory tract allows the oropharyngeal microbiome to be a major determinant of the lung microbiome. In addition, host-pathogen interactions related to the oropharyngeal microbiome or its metabolites could propagate systemic inflammation or modulate host defense mechanisms that could affect other organs, including the lung. There is increasing appreciation of the pathophysiologic significance of the lung microbiome, not only in the classical infection-related diseases, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis, but also in chronic noninfectious lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we will explore the relationship of the oral microbiome with lung diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis.     

Higher Imaging Yield When Clinical Decision Support Is Used

ObjectiveIncreased utilization of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for the evaluation of pulmonary embolism has been associated with decreasing diagnostic yields and rising concerns about the harms of unnecessary testing. The objective of this study was to determine whether clinical decision support (CDS) use would be associated with increased imaging yields after controlling for selection bias.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study in the emergency departments of two tertiary care hospitals of all CTPAs performed between August 2015 and September 2018. Providers ordering a CTPA are routed to an optional CDS tool, which allows them to use Wells’ Criteria for pulmonary embolism. After propensity score matching, CTPA yield was calculated for the CDS-use and CDS-dismissal groups and stratified by provider type.ResultsA total of 7,367 CTPAs were ordered during the study period. Of those, providers used the CDS tool in 2,568 (35%) cases and did not use the tool in 4,799 (65%) of cases. After propensity score matching, CTPA yield was 11.99% in the CDS-use group and 8.70% in the CDS-dismissal group (P < .001). Attending physicians, residents, and physician assistant CDS users demonstrated a 56.5% (P = .006), 38.7% (P = .01), and 16.7% (P = .03) increased yield compared with those who dismissed the tool, respectively.DiscussionDiagnostic yield was 38% higher for CTPAs when the provider used the CDS tool, after controlling for selection bias. Yields were higher for every provider type. Further research is needed to discover successful strategies to increase provider use of these important tools.     

补肺逐瘀汤联合常规治疗对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的临床疗效

目的探讨补肺逐瘀汤联合常规治疗对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的临床疗效。方法144例患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组72例,对照组给予常规治疗(沙美特罗替卡松、常规康复训练),观察组在对照组基础上加用补肺逐瘀汤,疗程12周。检测临床疗效、肺功能指标[每分钟最大通气量占预计值百分比(MVV%pred)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)与用力肺活量(FVC)比值(FEV1/FVC)、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)与肺泡通气量(VA)比值(DLCO/VA)、FEV1占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)]、活动耐力指标[6 min步行距离(6MWD)]、中医证候评分、气道黏液分泌相关指标[咳嗽、咳痰评分及诱导痰中基质金属蛋白酶⁃9(MMP⁃9)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)]、不良反应发生率变化。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组肺功能指标升高(P<0.05),中医证候评分、气道黏液分泌相关指标降低(P<0.05),以观察组更明显(P<0.05)。2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论补肺逐瘀汤联合常规治疗能有效缓解稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺气虚兼血瘀证相关症状,改善肺功能,增强活动耐力,抑制气道黏液高分泌,安全性较高。     

无创呼吸机辅助通气对重症哮喘患者的临床效果观察

目的:探讨无创呼吸机辅助通气对重症哮喘患者的临床疗效。方法:选择2018年1月~2019年5月本院收治的86例重症哮喘患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将86例患者分为观察组(n=43例)和对照组(n=43例),对照组患者采用β2受体激动药、糖皮质激素、茶碱类药物、鼻导管吸氧、纠正水电解质及酸碱失衡等对症处理,观察组在对照组对照对症处理基础上加以无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗,对比分析两组患者的咳嗽、胸闷、喘息缓解时间,测定治疗前后两组患者的肺功能指标[第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、第1秒呼气容积与用力肺活量比值(FEV1/PVC)]变化情况,同时比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果:观察组的咳嗽缓解时间、胸闷缓解时间、喘息缓解时间均明显短于对照组,P<0.05。治疗前,观察组及对照组的FEV1、FEV1/PVC比较,P>0.05。治疗后,观察组的FEV1、FEV1/PVC均明显高于对照组,P<0.05。观察组总有效率为90.70%(39/43),对照组总有效率为67.44%(29/43),两组比较,P<0.05。结论:在重症哮喘患者中应用无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗,可有效改善患者的临床症状及肺功能,并能有效提高药物治疗效果,具有重要的临床意义。